Smoke turkey recipe - Nov 7, 2023 ... Smoke the Turkey · Place seasoned turkey breast in the smoker furthest from heat source. · Smoke until internal temperature reaches about 148° F ...

 
Preheat electric smoker to 225°F (107°C). Apply a thin layer or cooking oil to cooking grate, and add a handful of wood chunks to smoker box. Cook for 40 minutes per pound of turkey, about 8-10 hours. Aim for internal temperature of 165°F. Remove turkey from smoker. Wrap in foil and allow to rest for 15 minutes.. Watc studios

Preheat your smoker to 240 degrees. Mix all dry rub ingredients together. Spray turkey with olive oil on all sides. Rub dry rub on breast side so it is well coated. Place on your turkey dunrite appliance if you’re using this with the breast side facing down. Use remaining rub to cover top facing half of turkey.Transfer the turkey to the smoker and carefully place on your smoker’s cooking grates or racks. Cook for 30 minutes per pound of bird, or until the turkey’s internal temperature reaches 165°F. Remove the turkey from the smoker and transfer to a cutting board. Leave to rest for 20-30 minutes. Serve up and enjoy.Melt the remaining 2 sticks of butter. When the internal temperature of the turkey reaches 135°F, baste the turkey and do so every 10 degrees. Remove the turkey from the smoker when the internal temperature of the breast reaches 165°F. Rest for 20 minutes before carving.Make sure you calculate the time it will take for the first stage as well as the second stage of cooking based on the size of your turkey. To smoke a turkey on the grill, set your Kamado Joe up for indirect cooking by placing the heat deflects below your grill racks and set it to the temperature for the first stage of cooking.Heat the olive oil in a large stockpot over medium heat. Add the diced onion and cook until soft and translucent, about 5 minutes. Add the shredded smoked turkey meat and remaining ingredients to the stock pot and stir to combine. Bring the stew to a boil over medium heat. Reduce heat to low and simmer for 2 hours or until potatoes and ...When ready to cook, set the Traeger Grill to 180°F. Place the turkey directly on the grill grates of the preheated grill. Smoke at 180°F for 2 hours. Increase ...Are you looking for a delicious and easy dinner recipe to spice up your dinner table? Look no further than this mouth-watering turkey chili. This hearty chili is packed with flavor...Place seasoned turkey breast in the smoker furthest from heat source. Smoke until internal temperature reaches about 148° F. Place the breast on a large sheet of aluminum foil. Pour melted butter over top or place butter slices on breast, then tightly wrap in the aluminum foil.Mix all glaze ingredients in a small sauce pan and bring to a simmer. Reduce by 1/3. Remove from the heat and set aside. Drizzle the glaze on the turkey for the last 15 minutes of the cook. I recommend doing this around 158 - 160 degrees internal temperature. Let the turkey rest 20 - 30 minutes depending on size.Cover the container with plastic wrap and refrigerate for 18-24 hours. Remove the turkey from the brine, making sure to get rid of any excess liquid. Then pat dry with paper towels. Season the turkey with the seasoning mixture, then add the onions, lemons, and orange quarters to the turkey cavity.Oct 1, 2013 ... Turkeys should be brined overnight, coated with fat only initially, and minimally seasoned. Brining keeps the turkey from drying out during the ...Recipe Steps. Step 1: Make the brine: Combine 2 quarts of the water, the sea salt, sugar, curing salt, cloves, allspice berries, bay leaves, cinnamon sticks, and peppercorns in a large stockpot. Bring to a boil over high heat, whisking to dissolve the salt and sugar. Remove from the heat and add the remaining 2 quarts water.Feb 11, 2023 · Smoke the turkey for about 5 hours, until an instant-read thermometer inserted in an inner thigh registers 165°F; monitor the coals throughout the smoking process and add more coals and/or soaked ... Prepare smoker for a 6- to 8-hour smoke at about 230 F/110 C. In a saucepan, melt the butter. Add the wine, honey, salt, and cinnamon. Heat on low temperature until mixture is smooth and thin. Using a turkey injector, inject half the mixture into the bird in all meaty areas. Brush remaining mixture over turkey.Set the wire rack over a 4-inch-deep roasting dish and set the turkey on top, breast side-up. Close the lid and smoke the turkey until the thickest part of the breast reaches an internal temperature of 100°F to 110°F, about 2 to 2.5 hours. Take into account temperature fluctuations due to ambient weather.Smoking at 325°F gets ensures delightfully crispy skin. Remove the neck, giblets, and liver from the turkey cavity. Put them in a baggie to cook later, if desired. Pat dry the entire turkey with paper towels. Use paper towels to dry the cavity, as well - you want to dry the entire bird.Nov 14, 2017 ... Instructions · Remove turkey from brine and pat dry. · Leave grill on Smoke and place turkey in roasting pan on the grill and smoke for 2 1/2 to 3&nb...Nov 24, 2021 · Place turkey in a bag and seal tight or put in a large enough plastic container and cover with plastic wrap. Put in the fridge for 24 to 48 hours, then unwrap and let sit in the fridge unwrapped for another 12 to 24 hours. On the day you want to cook the turkey, preheat your smoker to 180 degrees F. Mar 3, 2024 · In a large saucepan, combine apple juice, brown sugar, and salt. Over high heat, bring the mixture to a boil, stirring to ensure the sugar dissolves. Once the sugar has dissolved, let it boil for one minute, then remove it from the heat. Allow it to cool to room temperature and then refrigerate until it reaches 40°F. Nov 6, 2022 · HOW TO MAKE THIS EASY SMOKED TURKEY RECIPE. STEP 1: THAW THE TURKEY AND REMOVE THE GIBLETS AND NECK. STEP 2: START THE BRINE BY BOILING WATER. STEP 3: ADD THE BOILING WATER TO THE BRINE INGREDIENTS. STEP 4: ADD COLD WATER TO THE BRINE. STEP 5: ADD THE TURKEY TO THE BRINE AND ALLOW IT TO CHILL FOR UP TO 24 HOURS. 📋 Recipe: Smoked Turkey with Herb and Garlic Butter. Why you will love this recipe: It contains easy step-by-step directions, whether you are using a Big Green Egg or another type of grill, with photos and tips to ensure you have a perfect turkey. Optional instructions to dry brine your turkey are included. Try a smoked turkey this Thanksgiving for perfectly moist and tender meat with a rich, complex flavor. Find turkey smoking recipes, cooking tips, and videos. Turkey in a Smoker Remove from the brine and pat dry. Allow the turkey to dry and come to room temperature for 30 minutes on the kitchen counter. Preheat the smoker to 225°F. Mix all of the rub seasoning ingredients together and then rub the entire outside of the turkey legs to fully coat them with the seasoning rub.Top the turkey off with an additional gallon of water and the entire bird should be covered. Close the bag and lay a bag of ice on top (this will help keep the turkey submerged). Let the turkey soak for 24 hours replacing the ice as needed. The next day remove the turkey from the brine and rinse under cool water.Feb 11, 2023 · Smoke the turkey for about 5 hours, until an instant-read thermometer inserted in an inner thigh registers 165°F; monitor the coals throughout the smoking process and add more coals and/or soaked ... Mix the brown sugar, onion powder, garlic powder, and paprika in a small bowl, then rub over the entire turkey. Sprinkle salt and peppers generously on all sides. Place turkey in the smoker . Place the turkey breast side up on the smoker, preheated to 275 degrees, and insert a temperature probe. Cook .Learn how to smoke a tender and juicy turkey with a citrus herb brine and herb butter. Get tips for choosing, preparing, and cooking a perfect smoked turkey on any grill.If you’re looking for a delicious and versatile protein option, oven roasted turkey breast is the way to go. Not only is it lean and packed with flavor, but it’s also incredibly ea...Remove the turkey from the fridge and allow to sit for 30 minutes to 1 hour before cooking. Meanwhile, prepare a charcoal grill or smoker for indirect heat, at approximately 275 degrees F ...Grates should be "smoke" side up. Open charcoal hopper doors. Pour in charcoal if needed and fill hopper. Light. Turn on and set temperature to 275˚F. Add wood chunk (s) to the Gravity Series Ash Bucket for additional smoke flavor. 02. Rinse and dry the thawed turkey. Using a marinade injection syringe, inject turkey with your …How to Smoke a Whole Turkey. Prepare a charcoal grill or smoker for indirect heat, at approximately 225 degrees F. Sprinkle in applewood chips that have soaked in cold water for at least 4 hours. The chips will smoke and create a delicious flavor. Pat the thawed turkey dry and stuff with the fruit, vegetable and butter mixture.By Ben Isham-Smith. Published: June 5, 2023. Jump to Recipe. Juicy smoked whole turkey cooked low and slow over hickory wood. From brines and dry rubs to smoker times and temperatures, …Nov 16, 2021 ... How to Smoke Turkey Legs. Set your smoker to 250°F. When it reaches temperature, insert the wood chips according to your smoker's instructions.Step 3: Sauté the Vegetables. In a large skillet over medium-high heat, melt 3 tablespoons butter and add diced onion, garlic cloves, celery, and green onions. Sauté for a few minutes until they become tender, then add sliced mushrooms and sauté until they are golden brown. Set aside.Place in center of grill grate, over drip pan and between mounds of natural lump charcoal. Toss ½ cup of soaked wood chops on each mound of coals. Place lid on grill. Adjust vents to keep temperature between 325 and 350 degrees. Step 3. Grill turkey until darkly browned and cooked through, 2½ to 3 hours.Nov 14, 2017 ... Instructions · Remove turkey from brine and pat dry. · Leave grill on Smoke and place turkey in roasting pan on the grill and smoke for 2 1/2 to 3&nb... Look there's probably a thousand ways to prepare a turkey. No need to be intimidated because I'm here today to share some of the most common tips and methods... Tuck the wings into the sides of the turkey and place in a foil tray or large rimmed bake pan. Once the smoker reaches 325 degrees, place the drip pan on the lower rack. Place the turkey directly onto the top rack, centering over the foil pan. Place the smoker lid back on and smoke for about 15 minutes per pound.SMOKED TURKEY RECIPES: A dry rub works amazingly well on turkey, but doing a brine with the dry rub adds more flavor. There is no wrong way to smoke a turkey. Now, I buy extras during the holidays ...Preheat your smoker to 240 degrees. Mix all dry rub ingredients together. Spray turkey with olive oil on all sides. Rub dry rub on breast side so it is well coated. Place on your turkey dunrite appliance if you’re using this with the breast side facing down. Use remaining rub to cover top facing half of turkey.Raise temp to 250 degrees F. Cook until the breast meat reads 160 degrees F at the thickest portion. Do not remove the probe until the turkey has rested for 20 – 30 minutes. Some recipes I have seen recommend raising the temperature to 325 degrees F after the initial smoke phase.Melt the remaining 2 sticks of butter. When the internal temperature of the turkey reaches 135°F, baste the turkey and do so every 10 degrees. Remove the turkey from the smoker when the internal temperature of the breast reaches 165°F. Rest for 20 minutes before carving.1. Use the right smoker. There are a variety of smokers on the market to fit different skill levels and preferences, including gas smokers, electric smokers, and pellet …Remove from the brine and pat dry. Allow the turkey to dry and come to room temperature for 30 minutes on the kitchen counter. Preheat the smoker to 225°F. Mix all of the rub seasoning ingredients together and then rub the entire outside of the turkey legs to fully coat them with the seasoning rub.Grates should be "smoke" side up. Open charcoal hopper doors. Pour in charcoal if needed and fill hopper. Light. Turn on and set temperature to 275˚F. Add wood chunk (s) to the Gravity Series Ash Bucket for additional smoke flavor. 02. Rinse and dry the thawed turkey. Using a marinade injection syringe, inject turkey with your …Instructions. Combine the water, salt, and 1 tbsp of the bbq rub in a saucepan and bring to a boil. Let the brine boil for a minute and then remove from the heat and let it come down to room temp. Add a cup of ice to a sealable container and then add the turkey breast and the brine.Nov 7, 2023 ... Smoke the Turkey · Place seasoned turkey breast in the smoker furthest from heat source. · Smoke until internal temperature reaches about 148° F ...Nov 6, 2022 · HOW TO MAKE THIS EASY SMOKED TURKEY RECIPE. STEP 1: THAW THE TURKEY AND REMOVE THE GIBLETS AND NECK. STEP 2: START THE BRINE BY BOILING WATER. STEP 3: ADD THE BOILING WATER TO THE BRINE INGREDIENTS. STEP 4: ADD COLD WATER TO THE BRINE. STEP 5: ADD THE TURKEY TO THE BRINE AND ALLOW IT TO CHILL FOR UP TO 24 HOURS. 1. Bring the butter to room temperature and mix with the rosemary and thyme. 2. With a pair of poultry shears, remove the wing tips. 3. Starting at the bottom cavity, use your fingers to separate the …Smoke a turkey for a big occasion and make a bigger impression. With our smoked turkey recipes as your guide, you'll be on the road to turkey stardom. Cajun-Style Smoked Turkey. Smoked Beer-Can Turkey. How to Smoke a Turkey. Red Beans and Rice With Smoked Turkey Recipe. Honey-Brined and Smoked Turkey.Remove the turkey from the brine, pat dry, stuff the cavity with lemon and herbs, and smoke the turkey until it reaches an internal temperature of 165°F. Guide for How to Smoke Turkey on a Green Egg Grill. Clean the Turkey. Make a Brine. Brine the Turkey. Preheat the Big Green Egg and Add Wood Chips. Ready the Turkey for …Thaw the turkey a few days before (it takes 24 hours for every 4lbs of turkey) Brine the turkey overnight in salt water. Preheat your smoker to 225°F. Drain the turkey and stuff it with seasoning and fruit. Rub melted butter and garlic on the exterior of the turkey. Smoke uncovered for 30 minutes.Pellet grills have made it so easy to get smokers up to higher temps, and this is to your advantage. Starting the smoker hot then turning it down to more ...Directions. In a medium saucepan, heat 1 quart water, honey and salt over medium heat, stirring often, until salt is completely dissolved, about 5 minutes. Remove from heat. Pour mixture into a large brining container and add remaining 6 quarts cold water, vegetable stock, thyme, and peppercorns and stir to combine.Roasting a turkey in the oven is a classic way to prepare this delicious and traditional dish. Whether you’re hosting Thanksgiving dinner or simply craving a hearty meal, mastering...Place all ingredients into water and stir until the sugar and salt have dissolved. Pour in the other gallon of cold water to help cool down the brine to room temperature. If it's still hot you can add ice to cool down faster. Add turkey to brine and refrigerate for 24 hours. Remove turkey from brine and pat dry.Sep 30, 2021 · To spatchcock a turkey, first, remove the spine with shears. Once the backbone is gone, turn the bird on its back and press down hard on the breast, cracking the rib cage. This allows the bird to lie flat in a pan and cook more evenly. Prepare the rest of the bird as you would a regular whole turkey. Smoked Turkey. Preheat smoker to 250 degrees according to manufacturer's directions. In a small bowl combine the olive oil, butter, garlic powder, dried basil, ground sage, paprika, salt and pepper. Rub the seasoning mixture on the inside of the turkey breast, then gently lift up the skin and rub it under the skin …Nov 5, 2020 · Snip the inside of the breast bone and turn the turkey over. Press the center of the breast down until you hear a crack and the breast lays flat on your work surface. Tuck the wing tips behind the wings. Spread butter under the turkey skin. Using your fingers, gently separate the skin from the breast and thigh meat. Heat your smoker or grill to 225 degrees F. Tuck the wing tips under to stabilize the bird and keep the wingtips from burning. Stuff the the turkey cavity with the apple, onion, and herbs. Line the …This smoked turkey recipe is a whole turkey that’s coated in homemade spice rub then slow smoked to tender and juicy perfection. A super easy and impressive holiday main course that won’t take up …In a small bowl, combine the paprika, garlic powder, italian seasoning, onion powder, salt and pepper. Rub generously on the entire turkey. Stuff: Fill the cavity of the turkey with the apple, onion, lemon …Coat the turkey in canola oil and place on rib rack inside of the roasting pan. Season with salt and sweet and smoky seasoning making sure to season the cavity as well. Put orange, onion, garlic and herbs into the cavity. Smoke in the EGG until the internal temperature of the breast meat is 165ºF, the dark meat will be about 185ºF internal ...Nov 11, 2023 · Remove the neck and innards from the turkey. Preheat your smoker to 325°F. Quarter your apples, oranges, and onions. Make sure to peel the onion. Stuff half of the oranges, apples, and onions into the turkey, followed by all the fresh herbs. Finish by stuffing with the remainder of the apples, oranges, and onions. Mix all glaze ingredients in a small sauce pan and bring to a simmer. Reduce by 1/3. Remove from the heat and set aside. Drizzle the glaze on the turkey for the last 15 minutes of the cook. I recommend doing this around 158 - 160 degrees internal temperature. Let the turkey rest 20 - 30 minutes depending on size. Are you tired of serving the same old dishes at your gatherings? Why not impress your guests with some delicious smoked sausage recipes? Smoked sausages are a versatile ingredient ...Preheat your Traeger pellet smoker as per the manufacturer’s instructions, or heat your smoker up to about 180-F. Put the turkey thighs into a large bowl and sprinkle them liberally with the Montreal Chicken Seasoning or your favorite rub. Rub it all over, then flip the thighs over and season the other side. Put the …Take white chicken chili to the next level when using smoked turkey. Get the recipe ->here. Smoked Turkey Stew-> Smoked turkey stew made in a Dutch oven on a Pellet Grill! The perfect way to use ...Preheat your smoker to 275 degrees F. I used almond wood for this particular recipe, but pecan, apple, alder, or maple will also taste amazing! You can also pick your favorite. Smoke the bird for 4-4 1/2 …Smoke a turkey for a big occasion and make a bigger impression. With our smoked turkey recipes as your guide, you'll be on the road to turkey stardom. Cajun-Style Smoked Turkey. Smoked Beer-Can Turkey. How to Smoke a Turkey. Red Beans and Rice With Smoked Turkey Recipe. Honey-Brined and Smoked Turkey.The ingredients in this dry rub recipe are simple and easy to find. Each spice will bring an element of flavor to make your turkey perfect. And, it only takes a few minutes to make. Paprika: This spice is known …To spatchcock a turkey, first, remove the spine with shears. Once the backbone is gone, turn the bird on its back and press down hard on the breast, cracking the rib cage. This allows the bird to lie flat in a pan and cook more evenly. Prepare the rest of the bird as you would a regular whole turkey.Prepare the heat source. Prepare your smoker, gas grill, or charcoal grill for low heat with smoke. Smoke the turkey. Cook the turkey until the internal temperature reaches 165°F (74°C), replenishing coal, pellets, or wood chips as needed. Rest and carve the bird. Let it rest for 30 minutes before carving the turkey.How To Cook Turkey Wings. There are only a few steps to smoking turkey wings: Prep The Smoker – Pre-heat the smoker to 225°F. Prep The Wings – Pat dry the wings and coat in …Bring the pot to a simmer. Cook for 2-3 minutes or until the salt and sugar have dissolved in the liquid, stirring occasionally. Turn off the heat. Let the brine mixture cool to room temperature. Place a whole turkey in the brine solution to fully submerge it, then refrigerate for 18-24 hours.Prepare the heat source. Prepare your smoker, gas grill, or charcoal grill for low heat with smoke. Smoke the turkey. Cook the turkey until the internal temperature reaches 165°F (74°C), replenishing coal, pellets, or wood chips as needed. Rest and carve the bird. Let it rest for 30 minutes before carving the turkey.Place the turkey on a wire rack over a sheet pan and air dry in the refrigerator for 2 hours. Prepare Traeger pellet grill for smoking at 300 degrees using the Turkey Blend pellets for flavor. Stuff the cavity with celery, onion, lemon, garlic, fresh herbs and 1 stick of butter. Tie the legs together using butcher twine.Smoked Turkey Recipe | Bon Appétit. recipes. Smoked Turkey With Spicy BBQ Rub. By Kat Boytsova. September 13, 2023. 5.0. ( 1) Read Reviews. Photograph by Isa Zapata, Food Styling by...To spatchcock a turkey, first, remove the spine with shears. Once the backbone is gone, turn the bird on its back and press down hard on the breast, cracking the rib cage. This allows the bird to lie flat in a pan and cook more evenly. Prepare the rest of the bird as you would a regular whole turkey.In a large saucepan, combine apple juice, brown sugar, and salt. Over high heat, bring the mixture to a boil, stirring to ensure the sugar dissolves. Once the sugar has dissolved, let it boil for one minute, then remove it from the heat. Allow it to cool to room temperature and then refrigerate until it reaches 40°F.Aug 3, 2023 ... Rub & Smoke the Turkey · In a small bowl, combine the brown sugar, paprika, sea salt, black pepper, garlic powder, onion powder, cayenne pepper, ...Bring the pot to a simmer. Cook for 2-3 minutes or until the salt and sugar have dissolved in the liquid, stirring occasionally. Turn off the heat. Let the brine mixture cool to room temperature. Place a whole turkey in the brine solution to fully submerge it, then refrigerate for 18-24 hours.

To spatchcock a turkey, first, remove the spine with shears. Once the backbone is gone, turn the bird on its back and press down hard on the breast, cracking the rib cage. This allows the bird to lie flat in a pan and cook more evenly. Prepare the rest of the bird as you would a regular whole turkey.. How often to wash comforter

smoke turkey recipe

Try a smoked turkey this Thanksgiving for perfectly moist and tender meat with a rich, complex flavor. Find turkey smoking recipes, cooking tips, and videos. Turkey in a Smoker Preheat your Traeger pellet smoker as per the manufacturer’s instructions, or heat your smoker up to about 180-F. Put the turkey thighs into a large bowl and sprinkle them liberally with the Montreal Chicken Seasoning or your favorite rub. Rub it all over, then flip the thighs over and season the other side. Put the …Nov 22, 2021 · Make the gravy. While the wings smoke, prepare the gravy dipping sauce. In a saucepan over medium heat, melt the butter then add the herbs, allow them to toast until fragrant to release all the oils. Whisk in the flour, continuing to stir often, and cook until it is a light brown, 2-5 minutes. Adjust consistency. Insert an instant-read thermometer into a vent in the lid. Cover grill, adjusting vents as needed until thermometer reaches an internal temperature of 350°F, 15 to 20 minutes. Coat top grate with oil; place on grill. Place turkey legs, meaty-skin side up, on oiled grates over the side without the coals.1. Spatchcock the turkey. 2. Applying the rub. 3. Injecting the turkey. How to smoke the best turkey.Transfer the turkey to the smoker and carefully place on your smoker’s cooking grates or racks. Cook for 30 minutes per pound of bird, or until the turkey’s internal temperature reaches 165°F. Remove the turkey from the smoker and transfer to a cutting board. Leave to rest for 20-30 minutes. Serve up and enjoy.Top the turkey off with an additional gallon of water and the entire bird should be covered. Close the bag and lay a bag of ice on top (this will help keep the turkey submerged). Let the turkey soak for 24 hours replacing the ice as needed. The next day remove the turkey from the brine and rinse under cool water.How to Roast a Turkey | Traeger Staples. 1. Set the grill temperature to 300°F and preheat, lid closed for 15 minutes. 2. In a small bowl, combine softened butter with minced garlic, thyme leaves, chopped rosemary, black pepper and kosher salt. 3.Smoked Turkey. Preheat smoker to 250 degrees according to manufacturer's directions. In a small bowl combine the olive oil, butter, garlic powder, dried basil, ground sage, paprika, salt and pepper. Rub the seasoning mixture on the inside of the turkey breast, then gently lift up the skin and rub it under the skin …Because turkey is a high-purine food, it may aggravate or cause a gout flare-up. For patients with gout, a low-purine diet is often the recommendation, according to the Arthritis F...This smoked turkey recipe is a whole turkey that’s coated in homemade spice rub then slow smoked to tender and juicy perfection. A super easy and impressive holiday main course that won’t take up …Garlic & Onion – a quartered onion and a halved head of garlic put into the cavity of the bird infuses amazing flavor as it smokes. Lemon – a couple of halved …Oct 1, 2013 ... Turkeys should be brined overnight, coated with fat only initially, and minimally seasoned. Brining keeps the turkey from drying out during the ...If you’re looking for a delicious and versatile protein option, oven roasted turkey breast is the way to go. Not only is it lean and packed with flavor, but it’s also incredibly ea...Place in center of grill grate, over drip pan and between mounds of natural lump charcoal. Toss ½ cup of soaked wood chops on each mound of coals. Place lid on grill. Adjust vents to keep temperature between 325 and 350 degrees. Step 3. Grill turkey until darkly browned and cooked through, 2½ to 3 hours.Directions. In a medium saucepan, heat 1 quart water, honey and salt over medium heat, stirring often, until salt is completely dissolved, about 5 minutes. Remove from heat. Pour mixture into a large brining container and add remaining 6 quarts cold water, vegetable stock, thyme, and peppercorns and stir to combine..

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